Study Guide for Test 5
(chapters 14-16)
Chapter 14
1. What are genes and chromosomes made
of?
2. What is a gene? What is a genome?
3. What type of organisms express
recessive traits? What type of organisms
express dominant traits?
4. Name three ways that DNA and RNA
differ. What are the backbones of DNA
and RNA made of? What part of the DNA
and RNA molecules contains the genetic information?
5. What are these types of RNA used
for: rRNA, tRNA, mRNA, siRNA
6. Where does transcription happen? What molecule(s) do it? What are they reading? What are they making?
7. Where does translation happen? What molecule(s) do it? What are they reading? What are they making?
8. What is a codon? What is an anticodon? What type of RNA has a codon in it? What type of RNA has an anti-codon in it
9. What are leading strands, lagging
strands, Okazaki fragments and DNA ligase?
10.
Where
are start and stop codons found? What
process do they control?
11.
Where
are promotors and terminators found? What process do they control?
12.
Be
able to explain how gene regulation affects what cells make and what cell type
they belong to. Be able to list three
ways of shutting off transcription of a gene
13.
What
is epigenetics? How is it related to
methyl groups or histone proteins?
14.
What
are templates? What are complimentary
strands
15.
Be
able to explain the relationship between Codons and Amino Acids
16.
When
we copy a DNA molecule, where do the template strands from the original
molecule end up?
17.
What
are some possible side effects of replication errors? How do we “proofread” for replication errors?
18.
What
is a mutagen?
19.
What
type of DNA errors can be caused by UV radiation
20.
What
are introns, exons, transposons,
21.
Can
genes be turned on or off by environmental conditions? Can signals from cell to
cell regulate gene expression
22.
Most
cells in your body have the same DNA.
What causes them to form different cell types
23.
How
does the wrapping/packing of DNA around histone affect gene expression
24.
How
does methylation affect gene expression?
Chapter 15
1. How are enzymes related to phenotypes
(think of mouse coat colors) How are
enzymes related to metabolic disorders
2. Which sugar and base are used in
RNA? Which sugar and base are used in
DNA?
3. How does a ribosome know which tRNA has the appropriate amino acid?
4. How are RNA polymerase and ribosomes
similar? How are they different? (think of codons and promoters)
5. How is RNA polymerase different than
DNA polymerase
6. What happens during RNA splicing
7. How many nucleotides are in a codon
8. What are the three characteristics of
the genetic code
9. What is a type of mutation is called
a “substitution”
10.
Be
able to use the charts in your book to discuss the effects of mutations. Be able to use the charts to compare the
following mutations: AAAèAAG, AAGèAGG, AGGèAUG. Which of these will cause no change? Which will change an amino acid without
denaturing the protein? Which will cause
an amino acid change that might denature the protein?
11.
What
will happen if a mutation in the middle of a gene causes the resulting mRNA
codon to change from UGG to UGA
12.
What
are ribosomes made of?
13.
What
is a point mutation?
14.
What
is an insertion? What is a
deletion? Why are insertions and deletions
some of the mutations most likely to alter the shape/structure of a protein
15.
Why are insertions and deletions classified as
“frame shift” mutations
16.
What
is a “silent mutation”
17.
Is
it possible for a mutation to make an enzyme work better? Is this common?
Chapter 16
1. Why do we say the genetic code is
“universal”
2. Is it possible to manipulate the
genes of a population WITHOUT using genetic engineering
3. Which of these are used in genetic
engineering: turning a gene on, turning
a gene off, adding a new gene
4. Be able to define the term Gene
therapy
5. What is genome editing? What are zinc finger nucleases?
6. What do we use restriction enzymes
for in biotech? What do bacteria use
them for?
7. What do we use DNA ligase for in
biotech? What do eukaryotes use it for?
8. What are “sticky ends”, and why are
they useful in biotech?
9. What is recombinant DNA? Why do we need to use the same restriction
enzyme on both DNA sources when we are making recombinant DNA?
10.
What
is a plasmid? What do bacteria use
plasmids for?
11.
What are two ways to amplify DNA? Which one is used to make insulin, clotting
factors and enzymes to dissolve clots?
Which method is used for crime scene investigation and paternity tests?
12.
Eukaryotic cells normally use enzymes to unzip
and unwind the DNA before duplicating it.
In PCR, we do this another way.
Explain how.
13.
Why
does PCR require precise temperature control?
What bonds are we trying to break?
What bonds are we trying to NOT break?
14.
What
is special about the DNA polymerase used in PCR? Where was it found?
15.
What is a vector? Be able to list three types of vectors
16.
What
technique is used in the lab as part of DNA fingerprinting
17.
Which fragments move fastest and furthest
through an electrophoresis gels?
18.
How long have we been able to clone
plants? Describe the technique for
cloning a plant.
19.
Describe
the three steps in cloning an animal.
Are cloned animals identical to the DNA donor?
20.
What is the goal of gene therapy? Therapy to which type of cells is more likely
to be controversial?
21.
What is RNAi? What type of RNA do the protection mechanisms
of the cell destroy?
22.
What is a GMO?
Why do we make them? (How can
they be beneficial) What is a “transgenic organism”
23.
Scientists have added the gene for Green
Fluorescent Protein (GFP) to rabbits, dogs, monkeys and fish. What organism did this gene originally come
from?
24.
One environmental factor that worries some
people about GMOs is the potential for pollution. How could GMO plants increase soil/water
pollution? How could GMO salmon increase
water pollution?
25.
What
are some of the other ethical concerns of GMOs?
How could people prevent gene transfer?