porifera - sponges (pg. 670)

no tissues, just mix of cells

spongeoceol - space in middle (think of coelom)

choanocytes - make current, feeding

cniderians - anenomes, jellyfish, hydra

capture prey with stinging cells (cnidocytes)

stinging portion = nematocyst

one opening functioning as mouth/anus

two forms (polyp and medusa)

most live in salt water (exception: hydra)

classes

hydrozoans - hydra

polyp ("sessile")

scyphozoans - true jellyfish

medusa

cubozoans - cube shaped jellyfish

medusa

very toxic

austrailian box jelly

anthozoans - sea anenomes

polyp

flatworms

acoelomate

gastrovascular cavity (mouth/anus)

good at regeneration - planeria

tremotodes

nasty parasites

most use multiple hosts

example: fliver flukes and blood flukes

tape worms

parasites

absorb nutrients

former diet aid

segments called proglottids

can break off and go off to infect others

full of eggs

rotifers

tiny protest sized things. Important fish food

full alimentary canal

separate mouth and anus

tube running through body

some do parthenogenesis (know definition, know FL snake that does)

Molluscs

Gastropod – snails

Stomach foot

Many have shells

Example: fl apple snail (snail kite eats)

Example: cone snails

Some lack shells

The ones without “slugs”

Banana Slugs!!!!!!!

Nudibranchs – marine slugs

Cephalopod – octopus, squid, cuttlefish, nautilus, argonaut

Head food

Locomotion

Water jet, swim, crawl

Masters of camouflage

Chitons

Segmented shell

Flat, stick to rocks

Bivalves – clams, oysters and mussles

Have two shells

Many eyes

Commercially important

Annelids – segmented invertebrates (leeches and worms)

Have alimentary canal

Polychaetes – many parapodia

Locomotion, breathing, and capturing prey

Example: Christmas tree worms

Oligochaetes – few-no parapodia

Earthworm

Leeches

Blood suckers

Good swimmers

Saliva has anticoagulants

Skin grafts/reattachments

Round worms – alimentary canal

Not divided into segments

Nemotodes – no circulatory system

Trichenella in pork

Whipworms – parasite

Crohn’s – hygene hypothesis

Hookworms – attack intestinal walls and drink blood

Burrow through tissue to get there

Arthropods

Have exoskeleton – chitin and protein

Must molt to grow

Open circulatory system

Hemolymph bathes organs

Arachnids – spiders, ticks and scorpions

Pedipalps – 12 (6 pairs)

Cephalothorax (fused thorax and head)

Eight legs

2 pairs for other purpose

Fangs in spiders

Pincers in scorpions

Book lungs

Myriapods – millipeds and centipedes

Jaw-like mandibles

Long and thin with many legs

terrestrial

Millipedes – vegetarian, 2 legs per segment

Each segment from two that fused

Centipedes – carnivorous, 1 leg per segment

Venomous claws on front segment

Insects

Separate head, thorax and abdomen

Six pairs of legs

Many have wings (cuticle extensions)

Flying, aquatic and terrestrial life forms

Most common animal life form

Lifecyle

Incomplete metamorphosis

Adult-like nymph è adult

Example: grasshopper

Complete metamorphosis

Larvae è adult

Example: caterpillar è butterfly, maggot è fly

Six winged insect orders to know

1) Coleoptera – beetles (e.g. scarabs and “ladybugs”)

2) Dipteral – flies

3) Hymenoptera – bees and wasps

4) Lepidoptera - butterflies

5) Hemiptera – true bugs

6) Orthoptera – grasshoppers, crickets, locust

Crustaceans

Mostly aquatic

19 pairs of appendages

Walking legs on thorax

Appendages on abdomen

Can regenerate appendages during molt

Usually separate sexes

Gas exchange: across cuticle (if small) or with gills (larger body)

Examples to know:

1) Isopods – mostly marine, also pill bugs

2) Decapods – lobsters, crayfish, crabs, and shrimp

3) Copepods – tiny things, part of marine plankton

4) Barnacles – sessile, usually intertidal zone

Echinoderms

“spiny skin” – usually have bumps or spins

Not all (e.g. sand dollar)

Hard calcium-based plates under skin

Water vascular system

Water pressure for movement of tube feet (how they crawl)

Bilateral symmetry in young

Most adults are pseudo-radial with central disk

Exception: sea cucumbers

deuterostomes

Examples to know

1) Asteroidea – starfish (name = asteroid-like = star shaped)

2) Echinodermata – urchins and sand dollars (name means spiny skin…urchin spines)

No arms, but tube feet

3) Crinoidea – brittle stars, sea lilles, feather stars

4) Holothuroidea – sea cucumbers

No arms, but tube feet

Chordates (any critter below this line is a chordate)

Bilaterally symmetrical deuterostomes

Four traits (in some cases only seen in embryo)

1) Notochord (flexible rod that helps support body)

2) Hollow nerve chord (plate of ectoderm that rolls up)

3) Pharyngeal gill slits/clefts

4) Muscular tail behind anus

Alimentary canal

Lancelets & tunicates (separate groups)

Four characteristics of chordates

Larvae and adult forms with metamorphosis

Adult tunicates (Sea squirts) are sessile

Adult lancets burrow into sand

Agnatha – jawless fish (hagfish and lamprey)

Hagfish

Cartilage skull, but no jaws

No skeleton, uses notochord for body support

SLIME!!!!

Lamprey

Cartilage skeleton

Teeth, but no jaws

Gnaws hole in side of fish, sucks blood

Jawed fish

Better support for teeth

Lateral line system

Reproduction: oviparous, ovoviviparous, viviparous

(in book with sharks, but there are bony fish with these methods, too)

cloaca

Chondrichthyans – (sharks, skates, rays)

Jawed fish with cartilage skeleton (also called elasmobranchs)

Scales covered in dentine

(teeth may be modified scales)

Bony fish – Osteichthys (osteo means “bone”, ichthys means “fish”)

Have bone skeleton

Operculum (gill covering)

Swim bladder

Ray finned fish - most fish

Lobe finned fish – coelacanth and lungfish

Lungfish lungs (most species have two, not just a modified swim bladder)

Tetrapods (four limbs)

Amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals

Some ectotherms, some endotherms, some heterotherms

Amphibians - ectotherms

Salamanders and newts

Frogs and toads

Caecilians (long worm-like, often blind)

Apoda (without legs)

Reptiles – almost all ectotherms (some sea turtles are heterotherms)

Squamata – lizards and snakes

Chelonian – turtles

Crocodilian – crocodiles, alligators, caiman and gharial

Birds (avies)

Almost all have wings with feathers and can fly

Ratites – ostriches and emus cannot fly

Weight saving structures for flight

No urinary bladder

Hollow bones

One ovary in most species

Gonads small if not breeding

Mammals

Common traits

1) Hair

2) Endotherm

3) Milk (…and nipples, unless you are a monetreme)

4) Diaphragm

5) Heterodont (different kinds of teeth)

6) live birth (unless you are a monetreme)

Monotremes – platypus and echidna

Lay eggs

Milk, but no nipples

Weird reproductive system

Branched vagina/bifurcated penis

Marsupials

Young born VERY small

Why? Probably to fit down center of three-branch vagina

Born helpless, size of jellybean

Must finish growing in pouch

Nipples in pouch

If you are not a monotreme or a marsupial, you are a Eutherian (mammal that raises kids in womb, with placenta)

Eutherians

Primates – humans, apes, monkeys, baboons

opposable thumb

many with large brain

extended parental care

KNOW figure 34.41

Proboscidea: elephants

(proboscis = nose)

Sirenia = manatees

Xenarthra = armadillos

Spiny jointed

Lagomorpha = hares and rabbits

Carnivore = dogs, bears, cats, weasels

Also includes pinnepeds (seals, sea lions and walrus)

Artiodactyl = even toed hoofed mammals

Think of deer and antilope

Cetaceans = whales, dolphins and porpoises

Perissodactyl = odd toed hoofed mammals

Think of horses and rhinos

Chiroptera = bats