porifera - sponges (pg. 670)
no tissues, just mix of cells
spongeoceol - space in middle (think of coelom)
choanocytes - make current, feeding
cniderians - anenomes, jellyfish, hydra
capture prey with stinging cells (cnidocytes)
stinging portion = nematocyst
one opening functioning as mouth/anus
two forms (polyp and medusa)
most live in salt water (exception: hydra)
classes
hydrozoans - hydra
polyp ("sessile")
scyphozoans - true jellyfish
medusa
cubozoans - cube shaped jellyfish
medusa
very toxic
austrailian box jelly
anthozoans - sea anenomes
polyp
flatworms
acoelomate
gastrovascular cavity (mouth/anus)
good at regeneration - planeria
tremotodes
nasty parasites
most use multiple hosts
example: fliver flukes and blood flukes
tape worms
parasites
absorb nutrients
former diet aid
segments called proglottids
can break off and go off to infect others
full of eggs
rotifers
tiny protest sized things. Important fish food
full alimentary canal
separate mouth and anus
tube running through body
some do parthenogenesis (know definition, know FL snake that does)
Molluscs
Gastropod snails
Stomach foot
Many have shells
Example: fl apple snail (snail kite eats)
Example: cone snails
Some lack shells
The ones without slugs
Banana Slugs!!!!!!!
Nudibranchs marine slugs
Cephalopod octopus, squid, cuttlefish, nautilus, argonaut
Head food
Locomotion
Water jet, swim, crawl
Masters of camouflage
Chitons
Segmented shell
Flat, stick to rocks
Bivalves clams, oysters and mussles
Have two shells
Many eyes
Commercially important
Annelids segmented invertebrates (leeches and worms)
Have alimentary canal
Polychaetes many parapodia
Locomotion, breathing, and capturing prey
Example: Christmas tree worms
Oligochaetes few-no parapodia
Earthworm
Leeches
Blood suckers
Good swimmers
Saliva has anticoagulants
Skin grafts/reattachments
Round worms alimentary canal
Not divided into segments
Nemotodes no circulatory system
Trichenella in pork
Whipworms parasite
Crohns hygene hypothesis
Hookworms attack intestinal walls and drink blood
Burrow through tissue to get there
Arthropods
Have exoskeleton chitin and protein
Must molt to grow
Open circulatory system
Hemolymph bathes organs
Arachnids spiders, ticks and scorpions
Pedipalps 12 (6 pairs)
Cephalothorax (fused thorax and head)
Eight legs
2 pairs for other purpose
Fangs in spiders
Pincers in scorpions
Book lungs
Myriapods millipeds and centipedes
Jaw-like mandibles
Long and thin with many legs
terrestrial
Millipedes vegetarian, 2 legs per segment
Each segment from two that fused
Centipedes carnivorous, 1 leg per segment
Venomous claws on front segment
Insects
Separate head, thorax and abdomen
Six pairs of legs
Many have wings (cuticle extensions)
Flying, aquatic and terrestrial life forms
Most common animal life form
Lifecyle
Incomplete metamorphosis
Adult-like nymph θ adult
Example: grasshopper
Complete metamorphosis
Larvae θ adult
Example: caterpillar θ butterfly, maggot θ fly
Six winged insect orders to know
1) Coleoptera beetles (e.g. scarabs and ladybugs)
2) Dipteral flies
3) Hymenoptera bees and wasps
4) Lepidoptera - butterflies
5) Hemiptera true bugs
6) Orthoptera grasshoppers, crickets, locust
Crustaceans
Mostly aquatic
19 pairs of appendages
Walking legs on thorax
Appendages on abdomen
Can regenerate appendages during molt
Usually separate sexes
Gas exchange: across cuticle (if small) or with gills (larger body)
Examples to know:
1) Isopods mostly marine, also pill bugs
2) Decapods lobsters, crayfish, crabs, and shrimp
3) Copepods tiny things, part of marine plankton
4) Barnacles sessile, usually intertidal zone
Echinoderms
spiny skin usually have bumps or spins
Not all (e.g. sand dollar)
Hard calcium-based plates under skin
Water vascular system
Water pressure for movement of tube feet (how they crawl)
Bilateral symmetry in young
Most adults are pseudo-radial with central disk
Exception: sea cucumbers
deuterostomes
Examples to know
1) Asteroidea starfish (name = asteroid-like = star shaped)
2) Echinodermata urchins and sand dollars (name means spiny skin urchin spines)
No arms, but tube feet
3) Crinoidea brittle stars, sea lilles, feather stars
4) Holothuroidea sea cucumbers
No arms, but tube feet
Chordates (any critter below this line is a chordate)
Bilaterally symmetrical deuterostomes
Four traits (in some cases only seen in embryo)
1) Notochord (flexible rod that helps support body)
2) Hollow nerve chord (plate of ectoderm that rolls up)
3) Pharyngeal gill slits/clefts
4) Muscular tail behind anus
Alimentary canal
Lancelets & tunicates (separate groups)
Four characteristics of chordates
Larvae and adult forms with metamorphosis
Adult tunicates (Sea squirts) are sessile
Adult lancets burrow into sand
Agnatha jawless fish (hagfish and lamprey)
Hagfish
Cartilage skull, but no jaws
No skeleton, uses notochord for body support
SLIME!!!!
Lamprey
Cartilage skeleton
Teeth, but no jaws
Gnaws hole in side of fish, sucks blood
Jawed fish
Better support for teeth
Lateral line system
Reproduction: oviparous, ovoviviparous, viviparous
(in book with sharks, but there are bony fish with these methods, too)
cloaca
Chondrichthyans (sharks, skates, rays)
Jawed fish with cartilage skeleton (also called elasmobranchs)
Scales covered in dentine
(teeth may be modified scales)
Bony fish Osteichthys (osteo means bone, ichthys means fish)
Have bone skeleton
Operculum (gill covering)
Swim bladder
Ray finned fish - most fish
Lobe finned fish coelacanth and lungfish
Lungfish lungs (most species have two, not just a modified swim bladder)
Tetrapods (four limbs)
Amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals
Some ectotherms, some endotherms, some heterotherms
Amphibians - ectotherms
Salamanders and newts
Frogs and toads
Caecilians (long worm-like, often blind)
Apoda (without legs)
Reptiles almost all ectotherms (some sea turtles are heterotherms)
Squamata lizards and snakes
Chelonian turtles
Crocodilian crocodiles, alligators, caiman and gharial
Birds (avies)
Almost all have wings with feathers and can fly
Ratites ostriches and emus cannot fly
Weight saving structures for flight
No urinary bladder
Hollow bones
One ovary in most species
Gonads small if not breeding
Mammals
Common traits
1) Hair
2) Endotherm
3) Milk ( and nipples, unless you are a monetreme)
4) Diaphragm
5) Heterodont (different kinds of teeth)
6) live birth (unless you are a monetreme)
Monotremes platypus and echidna
Lay eggs
Milk, but no nipples
Weird reproductive system
Branched vagina/bifurcated penis
Marsupials
Young born VERY small
Why? Probably to fit down center of three-branch vagina
Born helpless, size of jellybean
Must finish growing in pouch
Nipples in pouch
If you are not a monotreme
or a marsupial, you are a Eutherian (mammal that
raises kids in womb, with placenta)
Eutherians
Primates humans, apes, monkeys, baboons
opposable thumb
many with large brain
extended parental care
KNOW figure 34.41
Proboscidea: elephants
(proboscis = nose)
Sirenia = manatees
Xenarthra = armadillos
Spiny jointed
Lagomorpha = hares and rabbits
Carnivore = dogs, bears, cats, weasels
Also includes pinnepeds (seals, sea lions and walrus)
Artiodactyl = even toed hoofed mammals
Think of deer and antilope
Cetaceans = whales, dolphins and porpoises
Perissodactyl = odd toed hoofed mammals
Think of horses and rhinos
Chiroptera = bats