Study Guide for Test 5
DNA replication
1.
When did we find
out that DNA was the substance that stored our genetic information?
2.
What do the
following terms mean?Transformation,
Transcription, Translation?
3.
Who described the
structure of DNA?Who took the
photograph that made this possible?What technique was
used to take this photograph?
4.
Who figured out
that the backbone of a strand is made of sugar and phosphate?Who figured out that the nucleic acids were pointed
towards the middle?
5.
what do these
binding chemicals do in DNA replication?helicase,
binding protein, primer, topoisomerase, primase, DNA polymerase, DNA ligase,
nuclease, aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase
6.
what is a primer
made of
7.
what is dATP?What sugar does it
contain?
8.
what is a leading
strand?What is a lagging strand?What
is an okizaki fragment
9.
Which end of a
strand do we add nucleotides to?What
direction does a strand grow in?
10. which enzymes excise (remove) mismatches between strands?
11. what are telomeres?What is their
purpose?what does telomerase do to them?
12. what is chromatin?What two
things is it made of?
13. what is a spliceosome
14.
genes, Transcription and Translation
1. What are genes and
chromosomes made of?
2. What is a gene?What is a genome?
3. What type of organisms
express recessive traits?What type of organisms
express dominant traits?
4. Name three ways that DNA
and RNA differ.What are the backbones of DNA and RNA
made of?What part of the DNA
and RNA molecules contains the genetic information?
5. What are these types of RNA
used for:rRNA, tRNA, mRNA, siRNA
6. Where does transcription happen?What molecule(s) do it?What are they reading?What are
they making?
7. Where does translation happen?What molecule(s) do it?What are they reading?What are
they making?
8. What is a codon?What is an anticodon?What type of RNA has a codon
in it?What type of RNA has an anti-codon in it
9. Where are start and stop codons found?What process do they control?
10.Where are promotors and terminators found?What process do
they control?
11.Be able to explain how gene regulation
affects what cells make and what cell type they belong to.Be
able to list three ways of shutting off transcription of a gene
12.What are templates?What
are complimentary strands
13.Be able to explain the relationship between
Codons and Amino Acids
14.When we copy a DNA molecule, where do the template strands from the original molecule end up?
15.What are some possible side effects of
replication errors?How do we “proofread” for
replication errors?
16.What is a mutagen?
17.What type of DNA errors can be caused
by UV radiation
18.What are introns, exons, transposons,
19.Can genes be turned on or off by
environmental conditions? Can signals from cell to cell regulate gene expression
20.Most cells in your body have the same DNA.What causes them to form different cell types
21.How does the wrapping/packing of DNA
around histone affect gene expression
22.How does methylation affect gene expression?
23. Be
able to explain the following terms: Operon,
repressor, co-repressor
24. what
is the difference in a repressible operon and a inducible
operon. Which is
common in catabolic pathways? Which is
common in anabolic pathways?
25. explain
how methylation and acetylation
can affect transcription and epigenetics. Can these changes be passed on to the next
generation?
26. What is alternative RNA splicing?
27. how are siRNA and miRNA similar? How are they different?
28. In cell division and animal development, what
does the term “induction” mean? How does
it affect the formation of thing like wings, limbs, or even head formation?
29. What are stem cells? What does it mean to be totipotent? What does it mean to be pleuripotent? How long can they divide? What can they differentiate into?
30. What are proto-oncogenes? What are oncogenes? What are some ways that proto-oncogenes can change to cause disease?
Viruses
1.
Are viruses
alive? Explain why or why not?
2.
What two things do all
viruses have?
3.
What is a viral “envelope”
made of
4.
Which types of nucleic
acids can they contain?
5.
What are the lytic and lysogenic cycles? Which method do virulent viruses use? Which method do temperate phages use?
6.
What is prophage DNA? How is
it different from a provirus?
7.
What is a
retrovirus? What enzyme does it contain?
8.
What is a capsid? What is a capsomere?
9.
What organisms to
phages infect?
10.
What are restriction
enzymes? What are plasmids? What do
bacteria use them for?
11.
What are prions?
Mutations
1. How are enzymes related to
phenotypes (think of mouse coat colors)How are enzymes
related to metabolic disorders
2. Which sugar and base are
used in RNA?Which sugar and
base are used in DNA?
3. How does a ribosome know
which tRNA has the appropriate amino acid?
4. How are RNA polymerase and ribosomes similar?How are they different?(think of codons and promoters)
5. How is RNA polymerase
different than DNA polymerase
6. What happens during RNA splicing
7. How many nucleotides are in
a codon
8. What are the three
characteristics of the genetic code
9. What is a type of mutation
is called a “substitution”
10.Be able to use the charts in your book
to discuss the effects of mutations.Be able to use
the charts to compare the following mutations: AAAèAAG, AAGèAGG, AGGèAUG.Which of these will cause no change?Which
will change an amino acid without denaturing the protein?Which
will cause an amino acid change that might denature the protein?
11.What will happen if a mutation in the
middle of a gene causes the resulting mRNA codon to change from UGG to UGA
12.What are ribosomes made of?
13.What is a point mutation?
14.What is an insertion?What
is a deletion?Why are insertions and deletions some
of the mutations most likely to alter the shape/structure of a protein
15. Why are insertions and deletions classified as “frame
shift” mutations
16.What is a “silent mutation”
17.Is it possible for a mutation to make
an enzyme work better?Is this common?
Biotechnology and genetic
engineering
1. Why do we say the genetic
code is “universal”
2. Is it possible to manipulate
the genes of a population WITHOUT using genetic engineering
3. Which of these are used in
genetic engineering:turning
a gene on, turning a gene off, adding a new gene
4. Be able to define the term
Gene therapy
5. What do we use restriction enzymes
for in biotech?What do
bacteria use them for?
6. What do we use DNA ligase for in biotech?What
do eukaryotes use it for?
7. What are “sticky ends”, and
why are they useful in biotech?
8. What is recombinant DNA?Why do we need to use the same
restriction enzyme on both DNA sources when we are making recombinant DNA?
9. What is a plasmid?What do bacteria use
plasmids for?
10. What are two ways to amplify DNA?Which one is used to make insulin, clotting factors
and enzymes to dissolve clots?Which method is used
for crime scene investigation and paternity tests?
11. Eukaryotic cells normally use enzymes to unzip and unwind
the DNA before duplicating it.In PCR,
we do this another way.Explain how.
12.Why does PCR require precise
temperature control?What bonds are we trying to break?What bonds are we trying to NOT break?
13.What is special about the DNA
polymerase used in PCR?Where was it found?
14. What is a vector?Be
able to list three types of vectors
15.What technique is used in the lab as part
of DNA fingerprinting
16. Which fragments move fastest and furthest through an
electrophoresis gels?
17. How long have we been able to clone plants?Describe the technique for cloning a plant.
18.Describe the three steps in cloning an
animal.Are cloned animals identical to the DNA donor?
19. What is the goal of gene therapy?Therapy to which type of cells is more likely to be
controversial?
20. What is RNAi?What type of RNA do the protection mechanisms of the cell destroy?
21. What is a GMO?Why
do we make them?(How can they be beneficial) What is a “transgenic organism”
22. Scientists have added the gene for Green Fluorescent
Protein (GFP) to rabbits, dogs, monkeys and fish.What
organism did this gene originally come from?
23. One environmental factor that worries some people about
GMOs is the potential for pollution.How could GMO
plants increase soil/water pollution? How could GMO salmon increase water
pollution?
24.What are some of the other ethical
concerns of GMOs?How could people prevent gene
transfer?
25.
How does PCR work? What chemicals are needed to make it happen?
26.
Why would genomic
libraries be stored in viruses?
27.
What is cDNA?
28.
Why is radioactive DNA used as a probe
29.
How does size of a
molecule affect movement in electrophoresis gel? How does charge affect it?
30.
What is southern
blotting used for? Explain how it is
related to electrophoresis? Explain how
it is related to DNA hybridization?
31.
How is nuclear
transplantation used in cloning?
32.
What are vectors?
33.
What does it mean to
be “transgenic?” What is a “Pharm animal?”
34.